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# ¤Burmese-Burmese (IPA Phonetics)

CLDR Version 29β | Index |

Lists data fields that differ from the last version. Inherited differences in locales are suppressed, except where the source locales are different. The collations and metadata still have a raw format. The rbnf, segmentations, and annotations are not yet included.

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…/transforms/transform[@source="my"][@target="my_FONIPA"][@direction="forward"]/_alias | ▷missing◁ | my-fonipa-t-my
…/transforms/transform[@source="my"][@target="my_FONIPA"][@direction="forward"]/_visibility | ▷missing◁ | external
…/transforms/transform[@source="my"][@target="my_FONIPA"][@direction="forward"]/tRule | ▷missing◁ | # Pronunciation rules for Burmese. # # The following rules are lexical and heuristic: lexical in the sense # that they generate phoneme strings which may further undergo # post-lexical phonological processes, in particular voicing, to # result in actual surface forms; heuristic in the sense that they try # to resolve ambiguities, especially around reduced vowels, in a # systematic way that may be incorrect in many situations. Vowel # reduction depends on many factors, such as morphemic structure, # which are not available here. # # Definitions # # Dependent vowel signs $vs_AA = \u102B; $vs_aa = \u102C; $vs_i = \u102D; $vs_ii = \u102E; $vs_u = \u102F; $vs_uu = \u1030; $vs_e = \u1031; $vs_ai = \u1032; # Various signs $anusvara = \u1036; $visarga = \u1038; $virama = \u1039; $asat = \u103A; # Dependent (medial) consonant signs $med_y = \u103B; $med_r = \u103C; $med_w = \u103D; $med_h = \u103E; # Independent letters and letter-like punctuation symbols $independent = [\u1000-\u102A \u103F \u104C-\u104F \u1050-\u1055]; $creaky = \u0330; $high = \u0301; $low = \u0300; $coda = [$creaky $high $low ɴ ʔ ə]; # TODO: remove if unused # # Preprocessing # ::NFC; # Replace U+102B TALL AA with U+102C AA. Their pronunciation is identical. $vs_AA → $vs_aa; # Unstack kinzi (င် plus U+1039 VIRAMA) into plain င်. # Hmm, what would happen if the syllable ending in kinzi had non-low tone? င် $virama → င်; # Unstack everything else, i.e. replace U+1039 VIRAMA with U+103A ASAT. $virama → $asat; # Unstack U+103F GREAT SA. ဿ → သ်သ; # Insert a syllable boundary marker /./ before every independent letter. ::Null; [^.$] { } $independent ([\u1037\u103B-\u103E])* [^\u103A] → \.; # Insert default inherent vowel: /a̰/ at the end, /ə/ everywhere else. ::Null; ([\u1000-\u1021\u103F] [\u103B-\u103E]*) } [$] → $1 a $creaky; ([\u1000-\u1021\u103F] [\u103B-\u103E]*) } \. → $1 ə; # Allow for additional coda consonants. # # This only covers a few of the cases in which full coda consonants # can appear in loanwords. The general situation is somewhat rare and # is more easily dealt with in a formalism that can impose structural # constraints on syllables more easily. ::Null; $asat ($visarga)? [\u1000-\u102A] { $asat → ; # Deal with ၎င်း early. ၎င်း → lə\.ɡa $high ʊ̯ɴ; # # Rhymes # ::Null; က် → ɛʔ; ဂ် → ɛʔ; # in မဂ္ဂဇင်း ~ မဂ်ဂဇင်း /mɛʔ.ɡə.zɪ́ɴ/ င့် → ɪ $creaky ɴ; င်း → ɪ $high ɴ; င် → ɪ $low ɴ; စ် → ɪʔ; # maybe sometimes /eɪ̯ʔ/ ဉ့် → ɪ $creaky ɴ; ဉ်း → ɪ $high ɴ; ဉ် → ɪ $low ɴ; ည့် → ɛ $creaky; ည်း → ɛ $high; ည် → ɛ $low; ဏ့် → a $creaky ɴ; ဏ်း → a $high ɴ; ဏ် → a $low ɴ; တ် → aʔ; န့် → a $creaky ɴ; န်း → a $high ɴ; န် → a $low ɴ; ပ် → aʔ; မ့် → a $creaky ɴ; မ်း → a $high ɴ; မ် → a $low ɴ; ယ့် → ɛ $creaky; ယ်း → ɛ $high; ယ် → ɛ $low; သ် → aʔ; $vs_aa ဉ့် → ɪ $creaky ɴ; $vs_aa ဉ်း → ɪ $high ɴ; $vs_aa ဉ် → ɪ $low ɴ; $vs_aa တ် → aʔ; $vs_aa ဏ့် → a $creaky ɴ; $vs_aa ဏ်း → a $high ɴ; $vs_aa ဏ် → a $low ɴ; $vs_aa န့် → a $creaky ɴ; $vs_aa န်း → a $high ɴ; $vs_aa န် → a $low ɴ; $vs_aa ပ် → aʔ; # in ကလာပ်စည်း /kə.laʔ.sɛ́/ (club cell) $vs_aa ယ့် → ɛ $creaky; $vs_aa ယ်း → ɛ $high; $vs_aa ယ် → ɛ $low; $vs_aa ့ → a $creaky; # redundant creaky tone $vs_aa း → a $high; $vs_aa → a $low; $vs_i က် → eɪ̯ʔ; $vs_i စ် → eɪ̯ʔ; $vs_i တ် → eɪ̯ʔ; $vs_i န့် → e $creaky ɪ̯ɴ; $vs_i န်း → e $high ɪ̯ɴ; $vs_i န် → e $low ɪ̯ɴ; $vs_i ပ် → eɪ̯ʔ; $vs_i မ့် → e $creaky ɪ̯ɴ; $vs_i မ်း → e $high ɪ̯ɴ; $vs_i မ် → e $low ɪ̯ɴ; $vs_i $vs_u က် → aɪ̯ʔ; $vs_i $vs_u င့် → a $creaky ɪ̯ɴ; $vs_i $vs_u င်း → a $high ɪ̯ɴ; $vs_i $vs_u င် → a $low ɪ̯ɴ; $vs_i $vs_u ဏ့် → a $creaky ɪ̯ɴ; $vs_i $vs_u ဏ်း → a $high ɪ̯ɴ; $vs_i $vs_u ဏ် → a $low ɪ̯ɴ; $vs_i $vs_u ယ့် → o $creaky; $vs_i $vs_u ယ်း → o $high; $vs_i $vs_u ယ် → o $low; # in ကိုယ် /kò/ $vs_i $vs_u ့ → o $creaky; $vs_i $vs_u း → o $high; $vs_i $vs_u → o $low; $vs_i $anusvara ့ → e $creaky ɪ̯ɴ; $vs_i $anusvara း → e $high ɪ̯ɴ; $vs_i $anusvara → e $low ɪ̯ɴ; $vs_i → i $creaky; $vs_ii ့ → i $creaky; # this does not usually occur $vs_ii း → i $high; $vs_ii → i $low; $vs_u က် → oʊ̯ʔ; $vs_u ဂ် → oʊ̯ʔ; $vs_u ဏ့် → o $creaky ʊ̯ɴ; $vs_u ဏ်း → o $high ʊ̯ɴ; $vs_u ဏ် → o $low ʊ̯ɴ; $vs_u တ် → oʊ̯ʔ; $vs_u န့် → o $creaky ʊ̯ɴ; $vs_u န်း → o $high ʊ̯ɴ; $vs_u န် → o $low ʊ̯ɴ; $vs_u ပ် → oʊ̯ʔ; $vs_u မ့် → o $creaky ʊ̯ɴ; $vs_u မ်း → o $high ʊ̯ɴ; $vs_u မ် → o $low ʊ̯ɴ; $vs_u $anusvara ့ → o $creaky ʊ̯ɴ; $vs_u $anusvara း → o $high ʊ̯ɴ; $vs_u $anusvara → o $low ʊ̯ɴ; $vs_u → u $creaky; $vs_uu ့ → u $creaky; # this does not usually occur $vs_uu း → u $high; $vs_uu → u $low; $vs_e တ် → ɪʔ; $vs_e $vs_aa က် → aʊ̯ʔ; $vs_e $vs_aa င့် → a $creaky ʊ̯ɴ; $vs_e $vs_aa င်း → a $high ʊ̯ɴ; $vs_e $vs_aa င် → a $low ʊ̯ɴ; $vs_e $vs_aa ့ → ɔ $creaky; $vs_e $vs_aa း → ɔ $high; # redundant high tone; this does not usually occur $vs_e $vs_aa ် → ɔ $low; $vs_e $vs_aa → ɔ $high; $vs_e ့ → e $creaky; $vs_e း → e $high; $vs_e → e $low; $vs_ai ့ → ɛ $creaky; $vs_ai း → ɛ $high; # redundant high tone; this does not usually occur $vs_ai → ɛ $high; $anusvara ့ → a $creaky ɴ; $anusvara း → a $high ɴ; $anusvara → a $low ɴ; $med_w တ် → ʊʔ; $med_w န့် → ʊ $creaky ɴ; $med_w န်း → ʊ $high ɴ; $med_w န် → ʊ $low ɴ; $med_w ပ် → ʊʔ; $med_w မ့် → ʊ $creaky ɴ; $med_w မ်း → ʊ $high ɴ; $med_w မ် → ʊ $low ɴ; # # Medials # ::Null; # Palatalization of the velar stops before MEDIAL YA and MEDIAL RA: # velar + /j/ ==> modern palatals. ကျ → t͡ɕ; ချ → t͡ɕʰ; ဂျ → d͡ʑ; ဃျ → d͡ʑ; ကြ → t͡ɕ; ခြ → t͡ɕʰ; ဂြ → d͡ʑ; ဃြ → d͡ʑ; # Remove redundant MEDIAL YA and MEDIAL RA after initial YA. ယ { [$med_y $med_r] → ; # Reorder the medials so that U+103E SIGN MEDIAL HA comes before any # other medials. # First, push U+103E MEDIAL HA before U+103D MEDIAL WA. \u103D \u103E → \u103E \u103D; ::Null; # Now MEDIAL WA comes last. # Produce the palatal ʃ from (SA|LA)+YA+HA. သျှ → ʃ; လျှ → ʃ; # Second, push U+103E MEDIAL HA before U+103C MEDIAL RA. \u103C \u103E → \u103E \u103C; ::Null; # Finally, push U+103E MEDIAL HA before U+103B MEDIAL YA. \u103B \u103E → \u103E \u103B; ::Null; # Consume MEDIAL HA and apply devoicing. ငှ → ŋ̊; ဉှ → ɲ̥; ညှ → ɲ̥; ဏှ → n̥; နှ → n̥; မှ → m̥; ယှ → ʃ; ရှ → ʃ; လှ → l̥; ဝှ → w̥; ဠှ → l̥; # Drop any remaining U+103E MEDIAL HA. \u103E → ; # Simplify medial cluster /jw/ to /w/, i.e. drop U+103B MEDIAL YA and # U+103C MEDIAL RA before U+103D MEDIAL WA. # TODO: revisit this \u103B } \u103D → ; \u103C } \u103D → ; \u103B → j; \u103C → j; \u103D → w; # # Initials # # Velars က → k; ခ → kʰ; ဂ → ɡ; ဃ → ɡ; င → ŋ; # Historic palatals စ → s; ဆ → sʰ; ဇ → z; ဈ → z; ဉ → ɲ; ည → ɲ; # Alveolars ဋ → t; ဌ → tʰ; ဍ → d; ဎ → d; ဏ → n; # Historic dentals ==> alveolars တ → t; ထ → tʰ; ဒ → d; ဓ → d; န → n; # Labials ပ → p; ဖ → pʰ; ဗ → b; ဘ → b; မ → m; # Other letters ယ → j; ရ → j; # historic /r/ လ် → ; # final, typically not pronounced in native words လ → l; ဝ → w; သ → θ; # historic /s/ ==> modern dental ဟ → h; ဠ → l; အ → ʔ; # Independent vowels ဣ့ → ʔḭ; # redundant creaky tone; this does not usually occur ဣး → ʔí; # this does not usually occur ဣ → ʔḭ; ဤ့ → ʔḭ; # this does not usually occur ဤး → ʔí; # this does not usually occur ဤ → ʔì; ဥ့ → ʔṵ; # redundant creaky tone; this does not usually occur ဥး → ʔú; # this does not usually occur ဥ → ʔṵ; ဦ့ → ʔṵ; # this does not usually occur ဦး → ʔú; ဦ → ʔù; ဧ့ → ʔḛ; # this does not usually occur ဧး → ʔé; ဧ → ʔè; ဩ့ → ʔɔ̰; # this does not usually occur ဩး → ʔɔ́; # redundant high tone; this does not usually occur ဩ → ʔɔ́; ဪ့ → ʔɔ̰; # this does not usually occur ဪး → ʔɔ́; # this does not usually occur ဪ → ʔɔ̀; # Various signs ၌ → n̥aɪ̯ʔ; ၍ → jwḛ; # ၎င်း was handled earlier. ၏ → ʔḭ; # # Postprocessing # # Delete any remaining U+103A ASAT. $asat → ; # Delete zero-width space, non-joiner, joiner. [\u200B-\u200D] → ; ::NFC;